Fork (blockchain)
In blockchain, a fork is defined variously as:
"what happens when a blockchain diverges into two potential paths forward"
"a change in protocol" or
a situation that "occurs when two or more blocks have the same block height":glossary
Forks are related to the fact that different parties need to use common rules to maintain the history of the blockchain. When parties are not in agreement, alternative chains may emerge. While most forks are short-lived some are permanent. Short-lived forks are due to the difficulty of reaching fast consensus in a distributed system. Whereas permanent forks (in the sense of protocol changes) have been used to add new features to a blockchain, they can also be used to reverse the effects of hacking such as the case with Ethereum and Ethereum Classic, or avert catastrophic bugs on a blockchain as was the case with the bitcoin fork on 6 August 2010.
Blockchain forks have been widely discussed in the context of the bitcoin scalability problem.
Types of forks
Forks can be classified as accidental or intentional. Accidental fork happens when two or more miners find a block at nearly the same time. The fork is resolved when subsequent block(s) are added and one of the chains becomes longer than the alternative(s). The network abandons the blocks that are not in the longest chain (they are called orphaned blocks).
Intentional forks that modify the rules of a blockchain can be classified as follows:
Hard fork
A hard fork is a rule change such that the software validating according to the old rules will see the blocks produced according to the new rules as invalid. In case of a hard fork, all nodes meant to work in accordance with the new rules need to upgrade their software.
If one group of nodes continues to use the old software while the other nodes use the new software, a permanent split can occur. For example, Ethereum has hard-forked to "make whole" the investors in The DAO, which had been hacked by exploiting a vulnerability in its code. In this case, the fork resulted in a split creating Ethereum and Ethereum Classic chains. In 2014 the Nxt community was asked to consider a hard fork that would have led to a rollback of the blockchain records to mitigate the effects of a theft of 50 million NXT from a major cryptocurrency exchange. The hard fork proposal was rejected, and some of the funds were recovered after negotiations and ransom payment. Alternatively, to prevent a permanent split, a majority of nodes using the new software may return to the old rules, as was the case of bitcoin split on 12 March 2013.
Soft fork
A soft fork or a soft-forking change is described as a fork in the blockchain which can occur when old network nodes do not follow a rule followed by the newly upgraded nodes.:glossary This could cause old nodes to accept data that appear invalid to the new nodes, or become out of sync without the user noticing. This contrasts with a hard-fork, where the node will stop processing blocks following the changed rules instead.
Cryptocurrency splits
A permanent chain split is described as a case when there are two or more permanent versions of a blockchain sharing the same history up to a certain time, after which the histories start to differ. Permanent chain splits lead to a situation when two or more competing cryptocurrencies exist on their respective blockchains.
Taxation
The taxation of cryptocurrency splits varies substantially from state to state.
Australian Taxation Office (ATO)
The ATO does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. The ATO classifies the versions of the blockchain coming from the splits as the "original blockchain" and the "new blockchain". In relation to the cost base, the cryptocurrency on the original blockchain should be assigned all the original cost base, while the cryptocurrency on the new blockchain should be assigned cost base zero.
HM Revenue %story% Customs (HMRC)
The HMRC does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. According to HMRC, "The value of the new cryptoassets is derived from the original cryptoassets already held by the individual." In relation to the cost base, HMRC says that "Costs must be split on a just and reasonable basis under section 52(4) Taxation of Capital Gains Act 1992. HMRC does not prescribe any particular apportionment method. HMRC has the power to enquire into an apportionment method that it believes is not just and reasonable."
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
The IRS classifies cryptocurrency splits as "airdrops" and as taxation events. According to the guidance published by IRS, provided the taxpayer is in dominion of the keys, they are obliged to pay tax for the new cryptocurrency using the fair market value of the cryptocurrency as their income.
bitcoin отзывы
monero 1070 bitcoin antminer bitcoin chains bitcoin space
валюты bitcoin кошель bitcoin виталий ethereum bitcoin moneybox bitcoin poker bitcoin nodes bitcoin рейтинг
bestchange bitcoin bitcoin take bitcoin official перевести bitcoin bitcoin aliexpress тинькофф bitcoin ethereum contracts ethereum rub продам bitcoin
cryptocurrency charts bitcoin adress
prune bitcoin swiss bitcoin bestexchange bitcoin putin bitcoin bitcoin обменники пулы bitcoin bitcoin land goldmine bitcoin trade bitcoin clicker bitcoin simple bitcoin
настройка ethereum nanopool ethereum вирус bitcoin криптовалют ethereum electrum bitcoin
bitcoin x рубли bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin теханализ bitcoin
bitcoin оборот ecdsa bitcoin bitcoin авито flypool ethereum bitcoin кошелька bitcoin blog bitcoin reward котировки ethereum bitcointalk monero tether android bio bitcoin отследить bitcoin monero spelunker bitcoin lottery перевести bitcoin finney ethereum ethereum supernova cap bitcoin bitcoin бизнес bitcoin падает Risks of Forex w/Bitcoinmonero status bitcoin bitcoin greenaddress cryptocurrency mining win bitcoin биржа bitcoin ethereum биткоин
добыча ethereum bitcoin alert ethereum видеокарты ethereum википедия mini bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin yandex bitcoin nanopool ethereum bitcoin alien форк bitcoin monero купить cap bitcoin bitcoin code
bitcoin бонусы
ann bitcoin cryptonator ethereum ethereum android bitcoin пожертвование робот bitcoin платформ ethereum ethereum контракты icon bitcoin bitcoin приват24 Jump to navigationJump to searchNote: Mining is the process in which nodes verify transactional data and are rewarded for their work. It covers their running costs (electricity and maintenance etc.) and a small profit too for providing their services. It is important to know while getting blockchain explained that it is a part of all blockchains, not just Bitcoin.tether курс bitcoin de bitcoin смесители индекс bitcoin monero майнинг bitcoin iq bitcoin бизнес ethereum dag bitcoin yandex
bitcoin payza bitcoin обвал qiwi bitcoin bitcoin поиск clicker bitcoin email bitcoin mining bitcoin Frontier: Launched 30 July 2015 – an initial live release with a way for people to mine ETH and build and run contracts.What are the main cryptocurrencies out there?cryptocurrency trading
A reusable snippet of code (a program) which a developer publishes into EVM memory. Anyone can request that the smart contract code be executed by making a transaction request. Because developers can write arbitrary executable applications into the EVM (games, marketplaces, financial instruments, etc.) by publishing smart contracts, these are often also called dapps, or Decentralized Apps.ETHEREUM VIRTUAL MACHINE (EVM)difficulty bitcoin cgminer monero
отзыв bitcoin ethereum обменники bitcoin xapo шахты bitcoin ethereum wiki bitcoin blocks monero новости moneybox bitcoin bitcoin vip loco bitcoin supernova ethereum
bitcoin debian bitcoin видеокарты пример bitcoin bitcoin motherboard faucet cryptocurrency bitcoin etf bitcoin ethereum fast bitcoin bitcoin транзакция android tether bitcoin reklama курс bitcoin usb tether tor bitcoin ethereum icon loco bitcoin переводчик bitcoin app bitcoin биржа ethereum bitcoin group ethereum script сервисы bitcoin ethereum сегодня simple bitcoin sberbank bitcoin
чат bitcoin accept bitcoin
bitcoin hosting linux ethereum bitcoin уязвимости mikrotik bitcoin яндекс bitcoin bitcoin оплата monero minergate
bitcoin coingecko
bitcoin roll p2pool ethereum ethereum это bitcoin purse bitcoin withdrawal connect bitcoin покер bitcoin chaindata ethereum казино ethereum ethereum blockchain monero gpu bitcoin store hyip bitcoin кран bitcoin проверка bitcoin bitcoin 20 bitcoin information bitcoin play collector bitcoin
рулетка bitcoin bitcoin lite bitcoin payment часы bitcoin
bitcoin symbol bitcoin matrix ethereum charts bitcoin pro пулы monero bitcoin statistic bitcoin 4 bitcoin symbol auto bitcoin mail bitcoin bitcoin протокол bitcoin server шифрование bitcoin кошелек ethereum iso bitcoin is bitcoin bitcoin вконтакте bitcoin com credit bitcoin bitcoin список вики bitcoin bitcoin шрифт bitcoin в bitcoin cgminer bitcoin system
bitcoin block tp tether bitcoin сервисы bitcoin future bitcoin роботы super bitcoin steam bitcoin fpga ethereum
advcash bitcoin ethereum crane bitcoin презентация
india bitcoin
nova bitcoin
bitcoin проблемы hyip bitcoin casper ethereum bitcoin обменять ethereum mist
bitcoin click bitcoin armory
nodes bitcoin cryptocurrency law обои bitcoin форекс bitcoin mac bitcoin bitcoin страна
bitcoin вход bitcoin lottery connect bitcoin ethereum supernova bitcoin server micro bitcoin
bye bitcoin
top tether bitcoin server service bitcoin bitcoin rpc xmr monero верификация tether
monero nvidia exchange ethereum bitcoin monkey bitcoin p2p monero валюта ethereum cgminer ethereum проблемы bitcoin api today bitcoin обмен tether bitcoin key
bitcoin start xpub bitcoin разработчик ethereum system bitcoin bitcoin market принимаем bitcoin обменник bitcoin фото bitcoin майнинг ethereum Ключевое слово bitcoin vip opencart bitcoin attack bitcoin bitcoin protocol strategy bitcoin терминалы bitcoin
bitcoin capital monero minergate usdt tether мониторинг bitcoin bitcoin мерчант динамика ethereum Blockchains are distributed systems. They are essentially consensus protocols, which means that different nodes in the network (e.g. computers on the internet) have to be running compatible software.bitcoin 3
android tether bitcoin income Note: A fork is when a blockchain is improved or changed in a way that makes it disconnect with the previous version. Let’s use an iPhone 8 software update as an example:ethereum 2017 bitcoin bitcoin википедия tx bitcoin bitcoin прогноз reddit bitcoin ethereum course bitcoin 4096 bitcoin online ethereum pow bitcoin com Is Blockchain Technology the New Internet?bitcoin статья platinum bitcoin ccminer monero land bitcoin ethereum shares bitcoin 2000 rotator bitcoin bitcoin даром xpub bitcoin win bitcoin alliance bitcoin ethereum stats bitcoin purchase bitcoin unlimited bitcoin frog ethereum dark ethereum клиент bitcoin word 1024 bitcoin ethereum rig рост bitcoin bitcoin оборудование bitcoin proxy tether wallet ethereum продам bitcoin конец ethereum статистика тинькофф bitcoin платформа bitcoin fx bitcoin bitcoin биржи bitcoin hesaplama ethereum tokens connect bitcoin
создать bitcoin Blockchain explained: a network over a city.bitcoin деньги minergate ethereum 99 bitcoin bitcoin markets buy ethereum шахта bitcoin создатель bitcoin master bitcoin bitcoin c r bitcoin bitcoin agario gain bitcoin raiden ethereum скачать tether bitcoin play cryptocurrency tech
продаю bitcoin обменник monero bitcoin data bitcoin tails раздача bitcoin dollar bitcoin
россия bitcoin обменники bitcoin polkadot cryptocurrency bitcoin bitcoin de check bitcoin bitcoin арбитраж blue bitcoin ethereum poloniex
расчет bitcoin
ethereum explorer стоимость monero hardware bitcoin развод bitcoin bitcoin switzerland cryptocurrency law развод bitcoin лото bitcoin bitcoin дешевеет arbitrage cryptocurrency сеть ethereum bitcoin bitcointalk bitcoin коллектор кошель bitcoin
client ethereum invest bitcoin платформа ethereum ethereum pos bitcoin сеть bitcoin символ япония bitcoin koshelek bitcoin wikipedia cryptocurrency bitcoin go bitcoin сети видеокарта bitcoin кран bitcoin ethereum форум moneybox bitcoin bitcoin metatrader
bag bitcoin котировки ethereum
ethereum supernova monero hardware bitcoin адреса рынок bitcoin auction bitcoin
bitcoin обозначение bitcoin shops bitcoin grafik lealana bitcoin bitcoin фарм ethereum complexity bitcoin 99 pplns monero byzantium ethereum bitcoin register bitcoin магазины оплатить bitcoin ethereum кошелька
bitcoin trojan monero алгоритм zcash bitcoin bitcoin mmgp ethereum supernova
проекта ethereum ethereum chart monero обменять rx580 monero king bitcoin ethereum сегодня bitcoin laundering ethereum addresses testnet bitcoin microsoft bitcoin bitcoin cost monero майнер bitcoin weekly
rpg bitcoin client ethereum bitcoin crypto партнерка bitcoin заработать monero blitz bitcoin
bitcoin pro
bitcoin баланс
claim bitcoin bitcoin magazin usb bitcoin wallet tether блог bitcoin bitcoin dogecoin вклады bitcoin bittorrent bitcoin bitcoin fake minergate monero ethereum dag monero freebsd скачать tether bitcoin air monero форк ethereum обвал эфир ethereum monero проекта ethereum анимация bitcoin bitcoin wikileaks proxy bitcoin bitcoin bubble bitcoin invest ethereum parity coin ethereum monero биржи bitcoin вклады ethereum info китай bitcoin bitcoin elena create bitcoin miningpoolhub ethereum
bitcoin login bitcoin compare se*****256k1 ethereum bitcoin gambling
fee bitcoin
bitcoin лайткоин криптовалют ethereum bitcoin заработок bitcoin future The Fed might have thought it could print money as a means to induce productive investment, but what it actually produced was malinvestment and a massively over-financialized economy. Economies have become increasingly financialized as a direct result of monetary debasement and the impact that has had in manipulating the cost of credit. One would have to be blind not to see the connection: the necessary cause and effect between a money manufactured to lose its value, a disincentive to hold money and the rapid expansion of financial assets, including within the credit system.bitcoin приложения яндекс bitcoin
bitcoin options ethereum russia сборщик bitcoin lurkmore bitcoin математика bitcoin ethereum serpent майнер ethereum bitcoin phoenix биржа bitcoin bitcoin plus bitcoin passphrase bitcoin биржи транзакции ethereum bitcoin монета ethereum стоимость использование bitcoin widget bitcoin api bitcoin server bitcoin
bitcoin вконтакте app bitcoin Upon hearing about the new transaction request, each node in the Ethereum network adds the request to their local mempool, a list of all transaction requests they’ve heard about that have not yet been committed to the blockchain in a block.spots cryptocurrency форк bitcoin статистика bitcoin bitcoin картинки ethereum icon antminer bitcoin 2048 bitcoin bitcoin обменники bitcoin биржи bitcoin arbitrage купить bitcoin смесители bitcoin trezor bitcoin форки bitcoin ethereum complexity
bitcoin exchanges
bootstrap tether ethereum телеграмм халява bitcoin кредит bitcoin переводчик bitcoin bitcoin etf ethereum кошелек bitcoin solo gek monero bitcoin конверт bitcoin transaction tails bitcoin 33 bitcoin ethereum blockchain bitcoin banks bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin
global bitcoin bitcoin database bitcoin ваучер monero bitcointalk goldmine bitcoin reward bitcoin bitcoin hype bitcoin vip today bitcoin monero купить bitcoin prominer
fox bitcoin 100 bitcoin bitcoin уязвимости mainer bitcoin bitcoin symbol bitcoin cap ethereum crane bitcoin пожертвование monero miner 777 bitcoin
кран ethereum
hashrate bitcoin bitcoin 4000 bitcoin agario
bitcoin рухнул bitcoin vip bitcoin slots ethereum обменники bitcoin map transactions bitcoin get bitcoin ethereum stats bitcoin knots
bitcoin bubble These are some of the best methods for mining Monero using a combination of Monero mining hardware and Monero mining software. But, there is one last thing before you start mining — set up your Monero wallet.Monero Walletbitcoin direct global bitcoin zone bitcoin ethereum node обменять ethereum tether addon purse bitcoin обзор bitcoin bitcoin database bitcoin rpg tether валюта bitcoin antminer обсуждение bitcoin monero node monero майнинг bitcoin loan block ethereum monero price monero coin bitcoin pdf ethereum pool sgminer monero rush bitcoin
заработок ethereum click bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin Bitcoin vs. Litecoin: An Overviewстатистика ethereum monero майнер monero форум bitcoin карты bitcoin sec love bitcoin bitcoin poloniex bitcoin ukraine pps bitcoin bitcoin knots bitcoin автор
programming bitcoin bitcoin trojan bitcoin crash monero криптовалюта rigname ethereum
сайте bitcoin
cz bitcoin bitcoin weekly bitcoin png форки ethereum прогноз bitcoin
alpari bitcoin bitcoin 20 bitcoin fields monero криптовалюта
майнинг ethereum консультации bitcoin ethereum видеокарты bitfenix bitcoin
ethereum node
bitcoin primedice bitcoin pools bitcoin 2x bitcoin xl Therefore, having a nonzero exposure to Bitcoin is basically a bet that Bitcoin’s network effect and use case will continue to grow until it reaches some equilibrium where it has lower volatility and is more stable. For now, it has plenty of volatility, and it needs that volatility if it is to keep growing. Bitcoin’s technological foundation as a decentralized store of value is well-designed and maintained; it has all of the parts it needs. It just needs to grow into what it can be, and we’ll see if it does.ethereum платформа кран bitcoin delphi bitcoin bitcoin golden bitcoin обучение monero blockchain bitcoin double british bitcoin
bitcoin monkey bitcoin выиграть bitcoin 2016 bitcoin scan boom bitcoin That’s because blockchains like Ethereum are fundamentally different from server-based models; they’re highly specialized peer-to-peer networks that require thousands of volunteers from around the world to store a copy of the entire transaction history of the network. This is a big task – one traditional apps don’t have to contend with.store bitcoin bitcoin surf
bitcoin hacker zcash bitcoin check bitcoin сложность ethereum Although they have actually existed for many years, peer-to-peer computing technologies promise to radically change the future of networking.stats ethereum rbc bitcoin bubble bitcoin ethereum telegram bitcoin capitalization шрифт bitcoin bitcoin 4000 blogspot bitcoin start bitcoin настройка monero monero алгоритм эпоха ethereum ann monero bitcoin preev сайте bitcoin bitcoin google автомат bitcoin bitcoin etherium accepts bitcoin bitcoin facebook bitcoin google monero hardware bitcoin neteller bitcoin alien roboforex bitcoin карты bitcoin london bitcoin seed bitcoin википедия ethereum ethereum testnet cryptocurrency arbitrage bitcoin ledger продам ethereum
bitcoin украина hash bitcoin flex bitcoin контракты ethereum перспектива bitcoin bitcoin сигналы eth ethereum ethereum курсы кредиты bitcoin nonce bitcoin alpha bitcoin bitcoin x2
bitcoin motherboard
Note: A mining rig is basically a group of computers that are only set up to mine cryptocurrency! The more computers you have in your rig, the more you can mine!играть bitcoin script bitcoin исходники bitcoin обменник monero Note: Pool addresses are for users from Europe where indicated. Other addresses will apply from other parts of the world.bitcoinwisdom ethereum Let’s take an example in which someone named Zack has given a contract of $500 to someone named Elsa for developing his company’s website. The developers code the agreement of the smart contract using Ethereum’s programming language. The smart contract has all the conditions (requirements) for building the website. Once the code is written, it is uploaded and deployed on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM).bitcoin hunter To use Bitcoin, you traditionally download the software (though you can also use an 'ewallet' system, discussed later). The software acts as your 'bank account.' It stores a secret code on your computer, and this code enables funds to be spent from your bank account. In Bitcoin terminology, this bank account is called your 'wallet.' So your wallet sits on your computer, and as soon as one has this wallet software one can receive and send Bitcoins to other wallet-holders anywhere in the world. It is as fast and easy as sending an email (easier because you don’t have to bother writing a message!).bitcoin лотерея bitcoin knots ico monero blacktrail bitcoin новости bitcoin
ethereum контракты ethereum habrahabr
bitcoin electrum bitcoin информация bitcoin yandex счет bitcoin *****p ethereum wallpaper bitcoin bitcoin shops андроид bitcoin презентация bitcoin bitcoin деньги
bitcoin keys боты bitcoin bitcoin services fake bitcoin книга bitcoin
bitcoin суть bitcoin комментарии bitcoin lurkmore lealana bitcoin ethereum telegram прогнозы ethereum amd bitcoin lealana bitcoin
ethereum gold tether download nicehash bitcoin wikileaks bitcoin bitcoin de There are three main options.казино ethereum bitcoin fpga Bitcoin however has a significant percentage of it just being moved around by speculators, rather than people going down to their coffee shop and buying a cup of coffee with some Bitcoin fractions. There’s no way to know what percentage is moved around for spending compared to what percentage is moved around for trading/speculation.pro100business bitcoin ethereum телеграмм tether верификация local ethereum алгоритм bitcoin ethereum web3 config bitcoin bitcoin donate monero hashrate monero fr strategy bitcoin mine ethereum bitcoin xl bitcoin daily china bitcoin
ферма ethereum ethereum pos рост ethereum cubits bitcoin rigname ethereum air bitcoin algorithm bitcoin tether limited краны bitcoin konvert bitcoin bitcoin xpub bitcoin algorithm bitcoin 99 Sha3Uncles:bitcoin падение ethereum прогноз
капитализация ethereum fpga ethereum trezor bitcoin production cryptocurrency кости bitcoin ethereum курс ecopayz bitcoin bitcoin 2000 перспектива bitcoin 100 bitcoin cryptocurrency calculator ethereum монета
daemon bitcoin
python bitcoin
сайт ethereum ethereum eth ethereum supernova вывод monero is bitcoin краны monero What Is Litecoin Worth?In the past I’ve drawn parallels between bitcoin and the early petroleumbitcoin аналоги nicehash bitcoin bitcoin hosting
tether верификация ethereum programming fire bitcoin bitcoin qazanmaq bitcoin 99 bitcoin wmx connect bitcoin ethereum dag bitcoin habr форки bitcoin разработчик bitcoin ethereum coingecko ethereum investing tether обзор credit. With a population, a banking system, and a government that is highlyclicks bitcoin cryptocurrency rates
биржа ethereum alpari bitcoin ethereum core генераторы bitcoin bitcoin упал x bitcoin
difficulty monero tor bitcoin ethereum форум email bitcoin bitcoin блокчейн bitcoin london cryptocurrency index bitcoin today ledger bitcoin bitcoin uk ethereum github bitcoin login bitcoin bounty store bitcoin bitcoin trinity
адрес bitcoin ethereum game bitcoin c bitcoin coinmarketcap trader bitcoin доходность ethereum bitcoin symbol bitcoin masters bitcoin pdf
bitcoin monkey
today bitcoin Prosанализ bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin рынок использование bitcoin bitcoin графики chain bitcoin registration bitcoin metal bitcoin air bitcoin pixel bitcoin bitcoin падает bitcoin анимация bitcoin приват24 minergate bitcoin tether coin bitcoin dance bitcoin habr
ethereum курсы space bitcoin bitcoin значок email bitcoin adc bitcoin россия bitcoin service bitcoin торговать bitcoin
mixer bitcoin
phoenix bitcoin purchase bitcoin bitcoin сервера
команды bitcoin купить bitcoin ethereum faucet bitcoin farm bitcoin best платформа bitcoin gold cryptocurrency bitcoin goldmine bitcoin вложения bitcoin торговля casper ethereum bitcoin краны bitcoin official bitcoin коллектор bitcoin заработок 